# NAD+ References: The Studies Behind Every Claim

> NAD+ references — the full citation list with DOIs and PubMed links for every study summarized on this site, from the mechanism reviews to the 2026 NR-vs-NMN crossover.

Every quantitative claim on this site traces to one of these. Citations carry DOIs and PubMed identifiers.

## How to read this list

The list below is the complete reference set for this NAD+ digest, numbered to match the inline markers throughout the site. It spans the foundational mechanism and aging reviews, the structural-biology papers that map the biosynthetic enzymes, the randomized human precursor trials, and the most recent 2024-2026 evidence — the NMN meta-analysis, the long-COVID NR trial, and the equimolar NR-vs-NMN crossover. Where a study is paywalled, the PubMed record still provides the abstract and identifiers.

## References

[1] Yoshino M, Yoshino J, Kayser BD, et al. Nicotinamide mononucleotide increases muscle insulin sensitivity in prediabetic women. Science. 2021;372(6547):1224-1229. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33888596/
[2] Camacho-Pereira J, Tarragó MG, Chini CCS, et al. CD38 Dictates Age-Related NAD Decline and Mitochondrial Dysfunction through an SIRT3-Dependent Mechanism. Cell Metab. 2016;23(6):1127-1139. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27304511/
[3] Yi L, Maier AB, Tao R, et al. The efficacy and safety of β-nicotinamide mononucleotide (NMN) supplementation in healthy middle-aged adults: a randomized, multicenter, double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel-group, dose-dependent clinical trial. GeroScience. 2023;45(1):29-43. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36482258/
[4] Conze D, Brenner C, Kruger CL. Safety and Metabolism of Long-term Administration of NIAGEN (Nicotinamide Riboside Chloride) in a Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-controlled Clinical Trial of Healthy Overweight Adults. Sci Rep. 2019;9(1):9772. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31278280/
[5] Covarrubias AJ, Perrone R, Grozio A, Verdin E. NAD+ metabolism and its roles in cellular processes during ageing. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol. 2021;22(2):119-141. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33353981/
[6] Zhu Y, Xu P, Huang X, et al. From Rate-Limiting Enzyme to Therapeutic Target: The Promise of NAMPT in Neurodegenerative Diseases. Front Pharmacol. 2022;13:920113. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35903330/
[7] Tempel W, Rabeh WM, Bogan KL, et al. Nicotinamide riboside kinase structures reveal new pathways to NAD+. PLoS Biol. 2007;5(10):e263. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17914902/
[8] Garavaglia S, D'Angelo I, Emanuelli M, et al. Structure of human NMN adenylyltransferase. A key nuclear enzyme for NAD homeostasis. J Biol Chem. 2002;277(10):8524-8530. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11751893/
[9] Gossmann TI, Ziegler M, Puntervoll P, et al. NAD(+) biosynthesis and salvage--a phylogenetic perspective. FEBS J. 2012;279(18):3355-3363. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22404877/
[10] Vinten KT, Trętowicz MM, Coskun E, et al. NAD(+) precursor supplementation in human ageing: clinical evidence and challenges. Nat Metab. 2025. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41083806/
[11] Wu CY, et al. Effects of nicotinamide riboside on NAD+ levels, cognition, and symptom recovery in long-COVID: a randomized controlled trial. EClinicalMedicine. 2025. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41357333/
[12] Wang M, et al. Research advances in the function and anti-aging effects of nicotinamide mononucleotide. J Zhejiang Univ Sci B. 2024. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39308064/
[13] Berven H, et al. The NAD-brain pharmacokinetic study of NAD augmentation in blood and brain using oral precursor supplementation. iScience. 2026. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41858901/
[14] Zhang J, et al. Efficacy of oral nicotinamide mononucleotide supplementation on glucose and lipid metabolism for adults: a systematic review with meta-analysis on randomized controlled trials. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr. 2025. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39116016/
[15] Qader MA, et al. A systematic review of the therapeutic potential of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide precursors for cognitive diseases in preclinical rodent models. BMC Neurosci. 2025. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40033213/

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A billboard reading of the NAD+ record — the precursor trials that reliably raise blood NAD+ set in large type, the rapidly-cleared IV claims and the still-preliminary human endpoints qualified in the line beneath, the FDA injectable recall and the NMN-supplement dispute flagged in plain sight; no clinic behind the broadcast and nothing here infused, dosed, prescribed, or sold.