Reviews NAD

RESEARCH DIGEST / THE RECORD

NAD+ References

Every quantitative claim on this site traces to one of these. Citations carry DOIs and PubMed identifiers.

Back to the researchNMN vs NR

How to read this list

The list below is the complete reference set for this NAD+ digest, numbered to match the inline markers throughout the site. It spans the foundational mechanism and aging reviews, the structural-biology papers that map the biosynthetic enzymes, the randomized human precursor trials, and the most recent 2024-2026 evidence — the NMN meta-analysis, the long-COVID NR trial, and the equimolar NR-vs-NMN crossover. Where a study is paywalled, the PubMed record still provides the abstract and identifiers.

  1. Yoshino M, Yoshino J, Kayser BD, et al. Nicotinamide mononucleotide increases muscle insulin sensitivity in prediabetic women. Science. 2021;372(6547):1224-1229. ↗
  2. Camacho-Pereira J, Tarragó MG, Chini CCS, et al. CD38 Dictates Age-Related NAD Decline and Mitochondrial Dysfunction through an SIRT3-Dependent Mechanism. Cell Metab. 2016;23(6):1127-1139. ↗
  3. Yi L, Maier AB, Tao R, et al. The efficacy and safety of β-nicotinamide mononucleotide (NMN) supplementation in healthy middle-aged adults: a randomized, multicenter, double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel-group, dose-dependent clinical trial. GeroScience. 2023;45(1):29-43. ↗
  4. Conze D, Brenner C, Kruger CL. Safety and Metabolism of Long-term Administration of NIAGEN (Nicotinamide Riboside Chloride) in a Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-controlled Clinical Trial of Healthy Overweight Adults. Sci Rep. 2019;9(1):9772. ↗
  5. Covarrubias AJ, Perrone R, Grozio A, Verdin E. NAD+ metabolism and its roles in cellular processes during ageing. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol. 2021;22(2):119-141. ↗
  6. Zhu Y, Xu P, Huang X, et al. From Rate-Limiting Enzyme to Therapeutic Target: The Promise of NAMPT in Neurodegenerative Diseases. Front Pharmacol. 2022;13:920113. ↗
  7. Tempel W, Rabeh WM, Bogan KL, et al. Nicotinamide riboside kinase structures reveal new pathways to NAD+. PLoS Biol. 2007;5(10):e263. ↗
  8. Garavaglia S, D'Angelo I, Emanuelli M, et al. Structure of human NMN adenylyltransferase. A key nuclear enzyme for NAD homeostasis. J Biol Chem. 2002;277(10):8524-8530. ↗
  9. Gossmann TI, Ziegler M, Puntervoll P, et al. NAD(+) biosynthesis and salvage--a phylogenetic perspective. FEBS J. 2012;279(18):3355-3363. ↗
  10. Vinten KT, Trętowicz MM, Coskun E, et al. NAD(+) precursor supplementation in human ageing: clinical evidence and challenges. Nat Metab. 2025. ↗
  11. Wu CY, et al. Effects of nicotinamide riboside on NAD+ levels, cognition, and symptom recovery in long-COVID: a randomized controlled trial. EClinicalMedicine. 2025. ↗
  12. Wang M, et al. Research advances in the function and anti-aging effects of nicotinamide mononucleotide. J Zhejiang Univ Sci B. 2024. ↗
  13. Berven H, et al. The NAD-brain pharmacokinetic study of NAD augmentation in blood and brain using oral precursor supplementation. iScience. 2026. ↗
  14. Zhang J, et al. Efficacy of oral nicotinamide mononucleotide supplementation on glucose and lipid metabolism for adults: a systematic review with meta-analysis on randomized controlled trials. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr. 2025. ↗
  15. Qader MA, et al. A systematic review of the therapeutic potential of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide precursors for cognitive diseases in preclinical rodent models. BMC Neurosci. 2025. ↗